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Objective:To determine the therapeutic effect of Gegentang granules on a disease-syndrome mouse model combining human coronavirus 229EhCoV-229Epneumonia with Hanshi Yidu Xifei syndrome in vivo. Method(s): Mice were randomly divided into normal group,infection group,cold-dampness group,model group,chloroquine phosphate group0.18 g.kg-1,interferon-alpha2bIFN-alpha2bgroup1.83x106 U.kg-1, Gegentang granules high-dose and low-dose groups6.6,3.3 g.kg-1with 10 mice in each group. Cold-dampness environment and hCoV-229E infection were used for modeling,and the general status and lung index of mice in each group were observed. The viral load in lung tissue was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reactionReal-time PCR,the pathological changes in lung tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosinHEstaining,the levels of serum gastrointestinal hormones and inflammatory factors in lung tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA,and the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Result(s):Comparing with model group,Gegentang granules could significantly alleviate the physical signs of Hanshi Yidu Xifei syndrome,including listlessness,weakness of limbs,sticky stool,etc. Comparing with model group,Gegentang granules high-dose group significantly reduced lung index,histopathological score of interstitial lung and bronchus,and the level of serum motilinP< 0.05,P<0.01,two doses of Gegentang granules could significantly increase the level of serum gastrinP< 0.05,P<0.01,the percentage of CD4+ ,CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral bloodP<0.05,P<0.01,and the level of tumor necrosis factor-alphaTNF-alphain lung tissue was significantly decreasedP<0.01,and the level of interleukin-6IL-6showed decreasing tendency. Conclusion(s): Gegentang granules has therapeutic effect on model mice. It can improve the appearance and behavior characterization,regulate the level of gastrointestinal hormones,decrease lung index and histopathological score,and possibly play an immunomodulatory role by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue and restoring the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes.Copyright © 2022, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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Online learning and teaching increased in 2020, driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. As many researchers attempted to understand the impact stress had on the emotional behaviours and academic performance of students, most studies explored these pre- and during-COVID behaviours in the context of brick and mortar institutions transitioning to online delivery. There is an opportunity to compare the experiences of students in the MOOC environment in this period, particularly in terms of the difference of engagement, semantics and sentiment/stress behaviours in 2019 and 2020. In this study, we use a dataset from AdelaideX between this time period to identify the most significant features that impact student outcomes. Where previous machine learning approaches used singular features such as student interaction or sentiment in discussion forum posts, we incorporate three feature categories of engagement, semantics and sentiment/stress in an ensemble model is based on voting and stacked methods to determining the relationship between them and academic performance. From our results, we discover that sentiment/stress played little part in academic performance and was relatively unchanged in online courses in this dataset between 2019 and 2020. We present two individual student cases to further contextualise our findings. © 2023 The Author(s)
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The COVID-19 situation has determined many people all over the world to experience remote work, study and play although most of them were not prepared for such a change in their lifestyle. With the coming of the high demand of virtual interaction, 360-degree Virtual Reality (VR) technologies and applications have established stronger relationships with your peers and friends if it applies. However, higher quality of VR streaming brings users deeper immersive experience which requires greater network bandwidth and latency, and more powerful computation capability for individuals. To address these issues, the proposed intelligent video delivery scheme in this paper takes advantage of the edge-assisted computational power to improve the multi-user oriented watching experience of high quality 360-degree video over wireless networks, which reduces network resource utilization, and also optimizes edge cache hit ratio and user's Field of View (FoV) quality.
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In large MOOC cohorts, the sheer variance and volume of discussion forum posts can make it difficult for instructors to distinguish nuanced emotion in students, such as engagement levels or stress, purely from textual data. Sentiment analysis has been used to build student behavioral models to understand emotion, however, more recent research suggests that separating sentiment and stress into different measures could improve approaches. Detecting stress in a MOOC corpus is challenging as students may use language that does not conform to standard definitions, but new techniques like TensiStrength provide more nuanced measures of stress by considering it as a spectrum. In this work, we introduce an ensemble method that extracts feature categories of engagement, semantics and sentiment from an AdelaideX student dataset. Stacked and voting methods are used to compare performance measures on how accurately these features can predict student grades. The stacked method performed best across all measures, with our Random Forest baseline further demonstrating that negative sentiment and stress had little impact on academic results. As a secondary analysis, we explored whether stress among student posts increased in 2020 compared to 2019 due to COVID-19, but found no significant change. Importantly, our model indicates that there may be a relationship between features, which warrants future research.
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Objective：To determine the therapeutic effect of Gegentang granules on a disease-syndrome mouse model combining human coronavirus 229E（hCoV-229E）pneumonia with Hanshi Yidu Xifei syndrome in vivo. Method： Mice were randomly divided into normal group，infection group，cold-dampness group，model group，chloroquine phosphate group（0.18 g·kg-1），interferon-α2b（IFN-α2b）group（1.83×106 U·kg-1）， Gegentang granules high-dose and low-dose groups（6.6，3.3 g·kg-1）with 10 mice in each group. Cold-dampness environment and hCoV-229E infection were used for modeling，and the general status and lung index of mice in each group were observed. The viral load in lung tissue was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR），the pathological changes in lung tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin（HE）staining，the levels of serum gastrointestinal hormones and inflammatory factors in lung tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA），and the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Result：Comparing with model group，Gegentang granules could significantly alleviate the physical signs of Hanshi Yidu Xifei syndrome，including listlessness，weakness of limbs，sticky stool，etc. Comparing with model group，Gegentang granules high-dose group significantly reduced lung index，histopathological score of interstitial lung and bronchus，and the level of serum motilin（P< 0.05，P<0.01），two doses of Gegentang granules could significantly increase the level of serum gastrin（P< 0.05，P<0.01），the percentage of CD4+ ，CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood（P<0.05，P<0.01），and the level of tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）in lung tissue was significantly decreased（P<0.01），and the level of interleukin-6（IL-6）showed decreasing tendency. Conclusion： Gegentang granules has therapeutic effect on model mice. It can improve the appearance and behavior characterization，regulate the level of gastrointestinal hormones，decrease lung index and histopathological score，and possibly play an immunomodulatory role by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue and restoring the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes. © 2022, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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Considering the transmission mechanism of COVID-19 and the isolation measures adopted, a SIR model with isolation measures and nonlinear infection rate was established, and the transmission trend of COVID-19 was obtained by simulation. The comparison of simulation results with COVID-19 data suggests that isolation measures have played a key role in controlling the outbreak. Different execution times of isolation measures were set in the model and multiple sets of simulation experiments were performed. The results showed that isolation measures should be implemented as soon as possible in order to control the epidemic as soon as possible. At the same time, in order to better control the development of the epidemic, the control in the later stages of the epidemic should not be reduced in strength. The research results can provide theoretical basis and guidance for the scientific prevention and control of COVID-19 and other large-scale infectious diseases in the future. © VDE VERLAG GMBH - Berlin - Offenbach.
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In this study, Shikishima Park in Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture, was used as a research case to investigate the dynamics of park users during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we analyzed user traffic measured by cameras installed in the parking lot of Shikishima Park. User behavior during each infection period was analyzed, and it was demonstrated that the number of users increased during the second wave period even after the infection spread. The results of were considered. (1) COVID-19 restricted the use of indoor dense spaces in recreational facilities, which was considered to be one of the reasons why Shikishima Park, which is an outdoor open space, was preferred and the number of park users increased. (2) It is thought that the number of park users has increased because the residential environment surrounding Shikishima Park is not as dense as the park shown in the case of Tokyo. (3) The coverage of his COVID-19 infection by Gunma Prefecture and the Jomo Shimbun did not directly affect the increase or decrease in the number of park users.
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In addition to damaging the respiratory system, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can also affect the nervous system, and even cause serious clinical consequences. This paper expounds the research status of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on nervous system injury from 3 aspects: pathogenesis, clinical symptoms and treatment prognosis, and systematically summarizes the pathological mechanism of nervous system lesions caused by COVID-19, hoping to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.
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In December 2019, a new virus called COVID-19 broke out, and in 2020, it rapidly spread all over the world. The fast rate of the spread of the virus and high mortality have brought severe harm to the health of people and the economy of almost all countries around the world. Therefore, the virus has become the object of much researches. As the study moving on, treatment and vaccine have become the leading research directions at present. For treatment, measures should be taken to protect the most severe patients to reduce the death rate, and thus we are supposed to find patients with more serious illnesses. The decision tree and Xgboost are used to get the mathematical model about protease (an essential index in judging the severity of the disease) and realize the visualization of protease data. For vaccine, we solve the problem of predicting COVID-19 Vaccination Progress in the world in 2021 using the ARIMA model, which is obtained through the mean of time-series. Eventually, we got 10-day and 3-month vaccination forecasts. © 2022 SPIE
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Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) struck China from late 2019 before its rapid spread across the country. Tianjin, as one of the largest cites in the north of China, reported a number of confirmed COVID-19 cases shortly after its outbreak in Wuhan province. After the pandemic was brought under control in May, strict control measures were put in place as routine to prevent cross-infection, which contributed to the change in vascular access practice. Therefore, a retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on vascular access in non-hot-spot region, north China. Methods: In this multicenter cross-sectional study, vascular access data was collected from the hemodialysis patients treated at 52 hospitals in Tianjin from 1 January to 14 Decmeber 2020. The practice of vascular access was estimated during the outbreak of Covid-19 since late 2019. Results: Among the 6885 hemodialysis patients included, 4719 arteriovenous fistulas were identified as the main type of vascular access, accounting for 68.54%. While 2114 patients (30.7%) had tunneled cuffed catheter. The proportion of arteriovenous graft reached as low as 1%. Overall, 1819 vascular access sites were placed in the patients newly diagnosed with uremia, of whom 990 (54.5%) underwent catheter insertion, 811 (44.6%) underwent AVF creation, and only 18 AVGs were created. In addition, the proportion of vascular access sites performed in general hospitals was 88.6%. During the period, tempt catheter insertion was carried out for 1371 (75%) incident hemodialysis patients. Due to stenosis of AVF, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was conducted for 83 patients. However, no patient got diagnosed with Covid-19. Conclusions: Catheter was the primary vascular access type during the pandemic and the rate of catheter use for incident patients was high. Most of vascular access creation was carried out in general hospitals while the numbers of AVG and PTA were relatively low.
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The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has aroused tremendous attention toward personal protective equipment (PPE) in both scientific research and industrial manufacture. Despite decades of development in PPE design and fabrication, there's still much room for further optimization, in terms, of both protection performance and wear comfort. Interdisciplinary efforts have been devoted to this research field in recent years. Significantly, the innovation of materials, which brings about improved performance and versatile new functions for PPEs, has been widely adopted in PPE design. In this minireview, recent progress in the development of novel materials and structural designs for PPE application are presented in detail with the introduction of various material-based strategies for different PPE types, as well as the examples, which apply auxiliary components into face masks to enrich the functionalities and improve the personal feelings in the pandemic period.
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Recently, favipiravir, as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, has gain more attention because it might be a candidate to remedy the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To improve its poor permeability and tabletability, four multicomponent crystals of favipiravir (FPV) were prepared by a slow evaporation or liquid-assisted grinding method, including three cocrystals (FPV-theophylline, 1:1;FPV-saccharin, 1:1;FPV-5-fluorouracil, 1:1) and one salt (FPV-piperazine, 2:1). All of the crystal structures were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, FPV-theophylline has a crystal structure similar to that of FPV, leading to similar properties, such as solubility, permeability, and tabletability. Except for FPV-theophylline, all of the other multicomponent crystals exhibit an enhanced permeability and tabletability. Our studies provide a new insight in overcoming the shortcomings of the important antiviral drug FPV. ©
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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an unprecedented global pandemic caused by the novel betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Extrapulmonary clinical features such as abnormal liver enzymes are often present, and almost 50% of patients experienced different degrees of liver injury in studies from China However, the prevalence of elevated liver enzymes and the association with clinical outcomes in U S based cohorts have not been well studied Aims: 1 ) To assess the prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in patients with COVID-19 in a U S based cohort 2 ) To compare differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with and without elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed data from patients hospitalized at the Johns Hopkins Health System (JHHS) between February 1, 2020, and July 1, 2020, who tested positive for SARSCoV- 2. Identified COVID-19 patients were then stratified into two groups, those with elevated ALT (>35 U/L for men and > 25 U/L for women) at admission or subsequently and thosewith normal ALT Pearson's chi-squared test and analysis of variance and were used to compare variables between the two groups Clinical outcomes assessed included the need for mechanical ventilation or vasopressor support, hospital length of stay (LOS), and mortality Results: During the study period, 2293 patients with COVID-19 were hospitalized at JHHS The mean age was 60 (SD 17 7) years;52 5% were men 35 6% were black, 31 2% white, and 26 3% Hispanic 33 7% were obese;1479 (64 5%) had abnormal liver ALT values Compared to those with normal ALT, patients with elevated ALT were more likely to be non-white (72 3% vs 61 9%, p < 0 001), Hispanic (30 4% vs 18 5%, p < 0 001), obese (43 7% vs 34 2%, p < 0 001), and have underlying liver disease (7 1% vs 3 0%, p < 0 001) Those with elevated ALT more often required mechanical ventilation (23 7% vs 6 0%, p < 0 001) and vasopressor support (23 0% vs 7 2%, p < 0 001) The group with elevated ALT had a longer hospital LOS (11 0 vs 5 9 days, p < 0 001) However, there were no differences in mortality found between the two groups (13 8% vs 15 6%, p = 0 3) Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of elevated ALT among inpatients with COVID-19 (64 5%) The presence of elevated ALT was associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including the need for mechanical ventilation and vasopressor support and prolonged hospital LOS.
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Background: Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often present with various degrees of liver injury Thus, patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease (LD) may be at increased risk of complications from COVID-19, but this has not yet been well characterized Aim: To examine the impact of pre-existing LD on outcomes in patients with COVID-19 Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed data from COVID-19 patients hospitalized at the Johns Hopkins Health System between February 1, 2020, and July 1, 2020, who tested positive for COVID-19 Identified patients were then stratified into two groups based on the presence or absence of pre-existing LD The LD group consisted of patients with a diagnosis of pre-existing liver disease at the time of diagnosis of COVID-19 We studied outcomes, including the need for hemodialysis or vasopressor support, hospital length of stay (LOS), and in-hospital mortality We described categorical data as percentages, and continuous data as mean with standard error (SD) We used Pearson's chi-squared tests and analysis of variance to compare variables between the patients with and without LD Results: In a study of 2,293 patients with laboratoryconfirmed COVID-19, 129 (17.8%) patients had pre-existing LD Among them, 32 (24 8%) patients had cirrhosis;18 (14 0%) had non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;20 (15 5%) had chronic hepatitis C;5 (3 87%) had chronic hepatitis B, and 5 (3 87%) were liver transplant recipients Patients with LD were more often black (41 9%) compared to patients with no preexisting LD (35 1%, p = 0 029) LD patients had substantially higher prevalence of comorbidities, including hypertension (79 9% vs 61%, p < 0 001), diabetes (27 9% vs 15 6%, p < 0 001), chronic pulmonary disease (31 0% vs 18 4%, p < 0 0001), and anemia (43 4% vs 22%, p < 0 001) Those with LD required hemodialysis more often (10% vs 4 4%, p = 0 015) There was no difference in need for vasopressor support (20 0% vs 18 8%, p = 0 12) The hospital LOS was similar between the groups (9 5 vs 9 6 days) There was no difference in mortality between the two groups (10 0% vs 14 6%, p = 0 14) Conclusion: Patients with pre-existing LD and COVID-19 infection were more likely black, have underlying comorbidities and require hemodialysis However, they had similar hospital LOS and mortality as those without LD. These findings have important implications for patients with LD but require further validation.
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Background: On March 20, 2020, to stop the spread of the COVID-19, the New York State Governor issued a strict stay at home order for all tasks that were deemed as “nonessential” starting March 22 at 8PM. We would like to determine what change, if any, in physical activity levels (PAL) took place because of the lockdown order in HD patients. Methods: HD patients were enrolled from 4 clinics in New York City starting in May 2018 and followed for a period of up to 1 year. Patients ≥18 years, on HD ≥3 months, able to walk, and owning a smartphone were enrolled. PAL was defined by steps taken per day measured by with a wrist-based monitoring device (Fitbit Charge 2). Patients still in the study as of March 22, 2020 were included in the study cohort. Average steps per day was calculated for Jan 1-Feb 13, 2020 and the five weeks prior to and after the lockdown went into place. A linear mixed-effect model was used to estimate the average steps per day and 95% confidence intervals. Socioeconomic parameters such as age, race, employment status, and education level were taken at the beginning of the study. Results: 42 patients were included in this analysis. At enrollment patients were 55±11 years old with a dialysis vintage of 4.5±4.4 years, and a BMI of 28.9±8.6 kg/ m2. 33% lived alone, 48% were single, 50% unemployed, 69% were African American, and 50% had an education level of some college or higher. Results on average steps per day are presented in Figure 1. Steps per day decreased significantly after the lockdown order with the most significant drop when the COVID-19 pandemic was declared a national emergency Conclusions: There was a decrease in PAL due to the mandated lockdown. As sedentary behavior is a risk factor for negative outcomes in the HD population, we must implement interventions to promote PAL, such as intradialytic exercise. (Figure Presented).
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The announcement of National Health Commission on January 20, 2020 (No.1 of 2020) has included novel coronavirus pneumonia into the B class infectious diseases according to the law of the People's Republic of China on the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and has been managed as A class infectious diseases. People's governments at all levels and health administration departments have been paying high attention to it. With the alleviation of COVID-19 nationwide, dental clinics gradually resume to work. The main transmission routes of COVID-19 are respiratory droplets and contact transmission, hence oral radiological examination is kind of a high-risk operation. Standardized radiologic process is of great significance to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission. In accordance with the national and Shanghai epidemic prevention requirements, and in combination with the actual situation of various medical institutions, Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Committee of Shanghai Stomatological Association formulated the expert consensus on standardized prevention and control of COVID-19 for clinical reference. This recommendation will be updated according to the situation of epidemic prevention and control in China and the new relevant diagnosis and treatment plans.
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Objective: To investigate the mechanism of Jinzhen Oral Liquid (JOL) for prevention COVID-19 through network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Methods: The protein targets related to COVID-19 were searched by literature mining and retrieving in DisGeNET, OMIM, KEGG and UniProt databases. With the aid of Traditional Chinese Medicine Network Pharmacology Intelligent Information Platform (TCMN) searching JOL chemical components and targets, the "herb-compound-target network" was constructed using Cytoscape-3.2.1 software to predict the main active ingredients and action targets of JOL in the treatment of COVID-19. The crystal structure of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) 3CL hydrolase (3CLpro) and angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) was retrieved from the RCSB PDB database, and the active compounds were docked with the two proteins by using AutoDock Vina software. Results: The herb-compound-target network contained 75 compounds including isoglabrolide, peimisine, and sennoside B, etc., which are from the three medicinal materials of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Rheum officinale, and Fritillaria ussuriensis, and 28 targets including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MEK1). Furthermore, nine key compounds (isoglabrolide, glabrolide, ebeiedinone, desoxo- glabrolid-acetate, peimisine, verticinone, imperialine, ussuriedinone and euchrenone A5) and 10 potential targets (mTOR, JAK3, ACE2, TNFA, AKT2, PIK3CA, MEK1, BRD2, ACE and ANPEP) of JOL were predicted for treating COVID-19 by network characteristic analysis. The molecular docking results showed that some core compounds of JOL had a certain degree of affinity for 3CLpro and ACE2. Conclusion: JOL may inhibit the occurrence and development of cytokine storm in COVID-19 by regulating the expression of Brd2, CD13, and ACE2 and interfering with the PI3K/Akt, Jak-STAT, TNF and MAPK signaling pathways, and inhibit virus replication by binding with 3CLpro, thus exerting a preventive or therapeutic effect on COVID-19.
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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of paediatric patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). METHODS: Paediatric patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between January 15 and March 15, 2020, from seven hospitals in Zhejiang Province, China, were collected retrospectively and analysed. RESULTS: Thirty-two children with COVID-19, ranging in age from 3 months to 18 years, were enrolled. Family aggregation occurred in 87.5% of infant and preschool-aged children (7/8), and also school-aged children (14/16), but in only 12.5% (1/8) of adolescents (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). Most of these patients had mild symptoms: mainly fever (20/32) followed by cough (10/32) and fatigue (4/32). The average durations of viral RNA in respiratory samples and gastrointestinal samples were 15.8 d and 28.9 d, respectively. Detox duration in faeces decreased with age: 39.8 d, 27.5 d and 20.4 d in infants and preschool children, school children, and adolescents respectively (p0-6, -18 <0.01, p0-6, -14 <0.05). Pneumonia was found in 14 children, but there was no statistical significance in the incidence of pneumonia between different age groups. Thirty patients were treated with antiviral drugs, and all patients were stable and gradually improved after admission. CONCLUSIONS: Most children with COVID-19 had a mild process and a good prognosis. More attention should be paid to investigation of household contact history in the diagnosis of COVID-19 in young children. Viral RNA lasts longer in the gastrointestinal system than in the respiratory tract, especially in younger children.
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COVID-19/epidemiología , Adolescente , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/terapia , Niño , Preescolar , China , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , ARN Viral/análisis , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Objective: To investigate the application of pulmonary ultrasound in the diagnosis of neonatal COVID-19. Methods: In this retrospective study, the clinical data of 5 infants, who were admitted to the Department of Neonatology in Wuhan Children's Hospital from 31(st) January to 25(th) February 2020, were collected. Bedsides pulmondary ultrasound was conducted on admission, during the hospitalization, and before discharge, the result were compared with the chest X-ray or CT done at the same time. Results: Among the 5 cases who aged 1-18 days, 3 were male. The main clinical manifestations were respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. The pulmonary ultrasonography on admission showed abnormal pleural line and pulmonary edema of different severity in all 5 cases, presented as increase and fusion of B-line, and pulmonary interstitial syndrome; among them, one case also had a small-range consolidation. The chest CT on admission showed no obvious parenchymal infiltration in 2 cases, small strip or patchy high-density shadow in 2 cases, and ground glass change in one case. The re-examination of ultrosound during the hospitalization and at discharge showed improvement in all cases and were consistent with the chest X-ray taken at the same time. Conclusions: The main changes on the pulmonary ultrasonography in neonates with COVID-19 pneumonia are increase and fusion of B-line, abnormal pleural line, and alveolar interstitial syndrome, and may coexist with small range of pulmonary consolidation. The sensitivity of pulmonary ultrasound is higher than that of chest X-ray and CT in the diagnosis of pulmonary edema, and could be used in monitoring and evaluation of the disease.